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<title>Chakma script</title>

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</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em; background:navajowhite;">Chakma<br><div style="font-weight:normal">Changmha Ajhapat<br>𑄌𑄋𑄴𑄟𑄳𑄦 𑄃𑄧𑄏𑄛𑄖𑄴</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-top:0.4em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;">The word 'Changmha Ajhapat' in Chakma script</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Script type</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em"> <a href="Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugida</a>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Period</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 600 CE</span> – present</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Direction</th><td class="infobox-data">Left-to-right <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Chakma_language" title="Chakma language">Chakma language</a>, <a href="Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a><sup id="cite_ref-Scheuren_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheuren-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Related scripts</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Parent systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="padding-top:0.15em;"><a href="Proto-Sinaitic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Sinaitic alphabet">Proto-Sinaitic alphabet</a><ul><li><a href="Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician alphabet</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic alphabet</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava script</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Mon–Burmese script</a><sup id="cite_ref-Talukdar_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Talukdar-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BraunsLöffler_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BraunsLöffler-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EversonHosken_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EversonHosken-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li>Chakma</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Sister systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

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</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="Burmese_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese script">Burmese script</a></li><li><a href="Mon_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Mon script">Mon script</a></li><li><a href="S'gaw_Karen_alphabet" title="S'gaw Karen alphabet">S'gaw Karen alphabet</a></li><li><a href="Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer script</a></li><li><a href="Ahom_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahom alphabet">Ahom alphabet</a></li><li><a href="Tanchangya_script" title="Tanchangya script">Tanchangya script</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">ISO 15924</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><a href="ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">ISO 15924</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">

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</style><span class="monospaced">Cakm</span> <span class="monospaced">(349)</span>, Chakma</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd"><a href="Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Unicode alias</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Chakma</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Unicode_range" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode range">Unicode range</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">U+11100–U+1114F<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr></tr></tbody></table>

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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-width:1.5px; border-style:solid; border-color:#CCCCCC;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of a series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #FFD700;"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000">Chakma topics</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-bottom:0.7em;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #CCCCCC; padding-bottom:0.7em;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Chittagong_Hill_Tracts_conflict" title="Chittagong Hill Tracts conflict">Chittagong Hill Tracts conflict</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Culture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #CCCCCC; padding-bottom:0.7em;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Bizu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bizu">Bizu</a></li><li><a href="Chakma_cinema" title="Chakma cinema">Cinema</a></li><li><a href="Pinon_hadi" title="Pinon hadi">Pinon hadi</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Politics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #CCCCCC; padding-bottom:0.7em;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Chakma_Autonomous_District_Council" title="Chakma Autonomous District Council">Chakma Autonomous District Council</a></li><li><a href="Chittagong_Hill_Tracts_conflict" title="Chittagong Hill Tracts conflict">Chittagong Hill Tracts conflict</a></li><li><a href="Chakma_Circle" title="Chakma Circle">Chakma Circle</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td>

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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Language</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #CCCCCC; padding-bottom:0.7em;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Chakma_language" title="Chakma language">Chakma language</a></li><li><a href="Chakma_(Unicode_block)" title="Chakma (Unicode block)">Chakma (Unicode block)</a></li><li><a href="Chakma_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakma Literature">Chakma Literature</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td>

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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Lists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #CCCCCC; padding-bottom:0.7em;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="List_of_people_of_Chakma_descent" title="List of people of Chakma descent">List of Chakmas</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td>

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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Dialect</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #CCCCCC; padding-bottom:0.7em;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Tanchangya_language" title="Tanchangya language">Tanchangya</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td>

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<span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Portal%3AIndia" title="Portal:India">India portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

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</style></td></tr></tbody></table>

<table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic scripts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above">

The <a href="Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a> and its descendants</td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Northern Brahmic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;">

<ul><li><a href="Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a>

<ul><li><a href="La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81_scripts" title="Laṇḍā scripts">Landa</a>

<ul><li><a href="Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li>

<li><a href="Khojki_script" title="Khojki script">Khojki</a></li>

<li><a href="Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudabadi</a></li>

<li><a href="Multani_script" title="Multani script">Multani</a></li>

<li><a href="Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Takri_script" title="Takri script">Takri</a>

<ul><li><a href="Dogri_script" title="Dogri script">Dogri</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Kamarupi_script" title="Kamarupi script">Kamarupi</a></li>

<li><a href="Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddham</a>

<ul><li><a href="N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nagari</a>

<ul><li><a href="Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a>

<ul><li><a href="Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li>

<li><a href="Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a></li>

<li><a href="Kaithi" title="Kaithi">Kaithi</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Gaudi_script" title="Gaudi script">Gaudi</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali–Assamese</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bengali_alphabet" title="Bengali alphabet">Bengali</a></li>

<li><a href="Assamese_alphabet" title="Assamese alphabet">Assamese</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tirhuta_script" title="Tirhuta script">Tirhuta</a></li>

<li><a href="Nepalese_scripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepalese scripts">Nepalese</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bhujimol_script" title="Bhujimol script">Bhujimol</a></li>

<li><a href="Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana</a>

<ul><li><a href="Soyombo_script" title="Soyombo script">Soyombo</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Pracalit_script" title="Pracalit script">Pracalit</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>

<ul><li><a href="Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meitei</a></li>

<li><a href="Lepcha_script" title="Lepcha script">Lepcha</a>

<ul><li><a href="Limbu_script" title="Limbu script">Limbu</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Khema_script" title="Khema script">Khema</a></li>

<li><a href="Phagspa_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Phagspa script">Phagspa</a>

<ul><li><a href="Zanabazar_square_script" title="Zanabazar square script">Zanabazar square</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Marchen_script" title="Marchen script">Marchen</a>

<ul><li>Marchung</li>

<li>Pungs-chen</li>

<li>Pungs-chung</li>

<li>Drusha</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tamyig" title="Tamyig">Tamyig</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Kalinga_script" title="Kalinga script">Kalinga</a></li>

<li><a href="Bhaiksuki_script" title="Bhaiksuki script">Bhaiksuki</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tocharian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Tocharian alphabet">Tocharian</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Southern Brahmic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;">

<ul><li><a href="Bhattiprolu_script" title="Bhattiprolu script">Bhattiprolu</a></li>

<li><a href="Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a>

<ul><li><a href="Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a>

<ul><li><a href="Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li>

<li><a href="Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha</a>

<ul><li><a href="Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li>

<li><a href="Tigalari_script" title="Tigalari script">Tigalari</a></li>

<li><a href="Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a></li>

<li><a href="Saurashtra_script" title="Saurashtra script">Saurashtra</a></li>

<li><a href="Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a>

<li>Proto-Tai script<sup>?</sup>

<ul><li><a href="Sukhothai_script" title="Sukhothai script">Sukhothai</a>

<li><a href="Fakkham_script" title="Fakkham script">Fakkham</a>

<ul><li><a href="Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a></li>

<li><a href="Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak</a></li>

<li><a href="Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_Sundanese_script" title="Old Sundanese script">Old Sundanese</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Lontara_script" title="Lontara script">Lontara</a></li>

<li><a href="Makasar_script" title="Makasar script">Makasar</a></li>

<li><a href="Ulu_scripts" title="Ulu scripts">Ulu scripts</a>

<ul><li><a href="Incung_script" title="Incung script">Incung</a></li>

<li><a href="Lampung_script" title="Lampung script">Lampung</a></li>

<li><a href="Lembak_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lembak script">Lembak</a></li>

<li><a href="Pasemah_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasemah script">Pasemah</a></li>

<li><a href="Rejang_alphabet" title="Rejang alphabet">Rejang</a></li>

<li><a href="Serawai_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Serawai script">Serawai</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a>

<ul><li><a href="Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid</a></li>

<li><a href="Hanunoo_script" title="Hanunoo script">Hanunoo</a></li>

<li><a href="Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa</a></li>

<li><a href="Kulitan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulitan alphabet">Kulitan</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Mon–Burmese</a>

<ul><li><a href="Burmese_alphabet" title="Burmese alphabet">Burmese</a>

<ul>

<li><a href="Western_Pwo_alphabet" title="Western Pwo alphabet">Western Pwo Karen</a></li>

<li><a href="S'gaw_Karen_alphabet" title="S'gaw Karen alphabet">S'gaw Karen</a></li>

<li><a href="Tanchangya_script" title="Tanchangya script">Tanchangya</a></li>

<li><i>Lik-Tai scripts</i>

<li><a href="Khamti_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Khamti script">Khamti</a></li>

<li><a href="Mon_alphabet" title="Mon alphabet">Modern Mon</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Vatteluttu" title="Vatteluttu">Vatteluttu</a>

<ul><li><a href="Kolezhuthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolezhuthu">Kolezhuthu</a></li>

<li><a href="Malayanma" title="Malayanma">Malayanma</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Kadamba_script" title="Kadamba script">Kadamba</a>

<ul><li><a href="Telugu-Kannada_alphabet" title="Telugu-Kannada alphabet">Telugu-Kannada</a>

<ul><li><a href="Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a>

<ul><li><a href="Goykanadi" title="Goykanadi">Goykanadi</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>The <b>Chakma Script</b> (<a href="Chakma_language" title="Chakma language">Chakma</a>: <i lang="ccp" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 100%;">𑄌𑄋𑄴𑄟𑄳𑄦 𑄃𑄧𑄏𑄛𑄖𑄴</i>), also called <b>Ajhā Pāṭh</b>, is an <a href="Abugida" title="Abugida">abugida</a> used for the <a href="Chakma_language" title="Chakma language">Chakma language</a>, and recently for the <a href="Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a> language.<sup id="cite_ref-Scheuren_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheuren-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>The Chakma script is an <a href="Abugida" title="Abugida">abugida</a> that belongs to the <a href="Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic family of scripts</a>. Chakma evolved from the <a href="Burmese_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese script">Burmese script</a>, which was ultimately derived from <a href="Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Talukdar_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Talukdar-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BraunsLöffler_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BraunsLöffler-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EversonHosken_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EversonHosken-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proto Chakma developed around the 6th century CE. Old Chakma developed in the 8th century CE. Classical Literary Chakma was used in the 11th to 15th centuries and the current Standard Chakma was developed and revived in the 20th century.

</p><p>The script, along with the <a href="Chakma_language" title="Chakma language">Chakma language</a>, has been introduced to non-government schools in <a href="Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, and as well as schools in <a href="Mizoram" title="Mizoram">Mizoram</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2></div>

<p>Chakma is of the Brahmic type: the consonant letters contain an inherent vowel. Unusually for <a href="Eastern_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Eastern Indo-Aryan languages">Eastern Indo-Aryan languages</a>, the inherent vowel in Chakma is a long 'ā' (<a href="Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">a</a>) as opposed to short 'a' (<a href="Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a>). Consonant clusters are written with conjunct characters, and a visible vowel killer shows the deletion of the inherent vowel when there is no conjunct.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independent_vowels">Independent vowels</h3></div>

<p>Four independent vowels exist:

</p>

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</td>

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<p>Other vowels in initial position are formed by adding the vowel sign to <span style="font-size:16px; line-height:2.1em; font-family:'RibengUni', Noto Sans Chakma;">𑄃</span> ā, as in <span style="font-size:16px; line-height:2.1em; font-family:'RibengUni', Noto Sans Chakma;">𑄃𑄩</span> ī, <span style="font-size:16px; line-height:2.1em; font-family:'RibengUni', Noto Sans Chakma;">𑄃𑄫</span> ū, <span style="font-size:16px; line-height:2.1em; font-family:'RibengUni', Noto Sans Chakma;">𑄃𑄭</span> ai, <span style="font-size:16px; line-height:2.1em; font-family:'RibengUni', Noto Sans Chakma;">𑄃𑄰</span> oi. Some modern writers are generalizing this spelling in <span style="font-size:16px; line-height:2.1em; font-family:'RibengUni', Noto Sans Chakma;">𑄃𑄨</span> i, <span style="font-size:16px; line-height:2.1em; font-family:'RibengUni', Noto Sans Chakma;">𑄃𑄪</span> u, and <span style="font-size:16px; line-height:2.1em; font-family:'RibengUni', Noto Sans Chakma;">𑄃𑄬</span> e.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dependent_vowels">Dependent vowels</h3></div>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

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</td>

</td>

<td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span style="font-size:16px; line-height:2.1em; font-family:'RibengUni', Noto Sans Chakma;"><span style="font-size:150%;">𑄀</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Chakma-language romanization"><i lang="ccp-Latn">candrabindu</i></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<span class="wrap"> </span>-̃<span class="wrap"> </span>]</span></div>

</td>

<td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span style="font-size:16px; line-height:2.1em; font-family:'RibengUni', Noto Sans Chakma;"><span style="font-size:150%;">𑄁</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Chakma-language romanization"><i lang="ccp-Latn">anusvara</i></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋ]</span></div>

</td>

<td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span style="font-size:16px; line-height:2.1em; font-family:'RibengUni', Noto Sans Chakma;"><span style="font-size:150%;">𑄂</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Chakma-language romanization"><i lang="ccp-Latn">visarga</i></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[h]</span></div>

</td></tr>

</tbody></table>

<p>One of the interesting features of Chakma writing is that candrabindu 𑄀 (cānaphudā) can be used together with anusvara 𑄁 (ekaphudā) and visarga 𑄂 (dviphudā):

</p><p><span style="font-size:16px; line-height:2.1em; font-family:'RibengUni', Noto Sans Chakma;">𑄃𑄂𑄀</span> aḥṃ = <span style="font-size:16px; line-height:2.1em; font-family:'RibengUni', Noto Sans Chakma;">𑄃</span> ā + <span style="font-size:16px; line-height:2.1em; font-family:'RibengUni', Noto Sans Chakma;">𑄂 h + 𑄀ṃ</span>

</p><p><span style="font-size:16px; line-height:2.1em; font-family:'RibengUni', Noto Sans Chakma;">𑄃𑄁𑄀</span> aṃṃ = <span style="font-size:16px; line-height:2.1em; font-family:'RibengUni', Noto Sans Chakma;">𑄃</span> ā + <span style="font-size:16px; line-height:2.1em; font-family:'RibengUni', Noto Sans Chakma;">𑄁 ṃ + 𑄀ṃ</span>

</p><p><span style="font-size:16px; line-height:2.1em; font-family:'RibengUni', Noto Sans Chakma;">𑄅𑄁𑄀</span> uṃṃ = <span style="font-size:16px; line-height:2.1em; font-family:'RibengUni', Noto Sans Chakma;">𑄅</span> u + <span style="font-size:16px; line-height:2.1em; font-family:'RibengUni', Noto Sans Chakma;">𑄁 ṃ + 𑄀ṃ</span>

</p><p><span style="font-size:16px; line-height:2.1em; font-family:'RibengUni', Noto Sans Chakma;">𑄟𑄪𑄀</span> muṃ = <span style="font-size:16px; line-height:2.1em; font-family:'RibengUni', Noto Sans Chakma;">𑄟</span> mā + <span style="font-size:16px; line-height:2.1em; font-family:'RibengUni', Noto Sans Chakma;">𑄪 u + 𑄀ṃ</span>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3></div>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

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</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

</td></tr>

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</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

</tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vowel-killer">Vowel-killer</h4></div>

<p>Like other Brahmic scripts, Chakma makes use of the <i>maayyaa</i> (killer) to invoke conjoined consonants. In the past, practice was much more common than it is today. Like the Myanmar script, Chakma is encoded with two vowel-killing characters in order to conform to modern user expectations. As shown above, most letters have their vowels killed with the use of the explicit <i>maayyaa</i>:

</p><p>𑄇𑄴 k = 𑄇 kā + 𑄴 MAAYYAA

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conjucts">Conjucts</h4></div>

<p>In 2001 an orthographic reform was recommended in the book <i>Cāṅmā pattham pāt</i> which would limit the standard repertoire of conjuncts to those composed with the five letters 𑄠 yā, 𑄢 rā, 𑄣 lā, 𑄤 wā, and 𑄚 nā. The four here are the most widely accepted repertoire of conjuncts. No separate conjunct forms of subjoined full-form -yā or -rā appear to exist. The fifth of these conjuncts, the -na conjunct, is exemplary of the orthographic shift which has taken place in the Chakma language.

</p>

</caption>

<th>Consonant

</th>

<th><b>𑄳</b>𑄠

<p>- yyā

</p>

</th>

<th><b>𑄳</b>𑄢

<p>- rā

</p>

</th>

<th><b>𑄳</b>𑄣

<p>- lā

</p>

</th>

<th><b>𑄳</b>𑄤

<p>- wā

</p>

</th>

<th><b>𑄳</b>𑄚

<p>- nā

</p>

</th></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td>𑄇𑄳𑄠

</td>

<td>𑄇𑄳𑄢

</td>

<td>𑄇𑄳𑄣

</td>

<td>𑄇𑄳𑄤

</td>

<td>𑄇𑄳𑄚

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td>𑄈𑄳𑄠

</td>

<td>𑄈𑄳𑄢

</td>

<td>𑄈𑄳𑄣

</td>

<td>𑄈𑄳𑄤

</td>

<td>𑄈𑄳𑄚

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td>𑄉𑄳𑄠

</td>

<td>𑄉𑄳𑄢

</td>

<td>𑄉𑄳𑄣

</td>

<td>𑄉𑄳𑄤

</td>

<td>𑄉𑄳𑄚

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td>𑄊𑄳𑄠

</td>

<td>𑄊𑄳𑄢

</td>

<td>𑄊𑄳𑄣

</td>

<td>𑄊𑄳𑄤

</td>

<td>𑄊𑄳𑄚

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td>𑄋𑄳𑄠

</td>

<td>𑄋𑄳𑄢

</td>

<td>𑄋𑄳𑄣

</td>

<td>𑄋𑄳𑄤

</td>

<td>𑄋𑄳𑄚

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td>𑄌𑄳𑄠

</td>

<td>𑄌𑄳𑄢

</td>

<td>𑄌𑄳𑄣

</td>

<td>𑄌𑄳𑄤

</td>

<td>𑄌𑄳𑄚

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td>𑄍𑄳𑄠

</td>

<td>𑄍𑄳𑄢

</td>

<td>𑄍𑄳𑄣

</td>

<td>𑄍𑄳𑄤

</td>

<td>𑄍𑄳𑄚

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td>𑄎𑄳𑄠

</td>

<td>𑄎𑄳𑄢

</td>

<td>𑄎𑄳𑄣

</td>

<td>𑄎𑄳𑄤

</td>

<td>𑄎𑄳𑄚

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td>𑄏𑄳𑄠

</td>

<td>𑄏𑄳𑄢

</td>

<td>𑄏𑄳𑄣

</td>

<td>𑄏𑄳𑄤

</td>

<td>𑄏𑄳𑄚

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td>𑄐𑄳𑄠

</td>

<td>𑄐𑄳𑄢

</td>

<td>𑄐𑄳𑄣

</td>

<td>𑄐𑄳𑄤

</td>

<td>𑄐𑄳𑄚

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td>𑄑𑄳𑄠

</td>

<td>𑄑𑄳𑄢

</td>

<td>𑄑𑄳𑄣

</td>

<td>𑄑𑄳𑄤

</td>

<td>𑄑𑄳𑄚

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td>𑄒𑄳𑄠

</td>

<td>𑄒𑄳𑄢

</td>

<td>𑄒𑄳𑄣

</td>

<td>𑄒𑄳𑄤

</td>

<td>𑄒𑄳𑄚

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td>𑄓𑄳𑄠

</td>

<td>𑄓𑄳𑄢

</td>

<td>𑄓𑄳𑄣

</td>

<td>𑄓𑄳𑄤

</td>

<td>𑄓𑄳𑄚

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td>𑄔𑄳𑄠

</td>

<td>𑄔𑄳𑄢

</td>

<td>𑄔𑄳𑄣

</td>

<td>𑄔𑄳𑄤

</td>

<td>𑄔𑄳𑄚

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td>𑄕𑄳𑄠

</td>

<td>𑄕𑄳𑄢

</td>

<td>𑄕𑄳𑄣

</td>

<td>𑄕𑄳𑄤

</td>

<td>𑄕𑄳𑄚

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td>𑄖𑄳𑄠

</td>

<td>𑄖𑄳𑄢

</td>

<td>𑄖𑄳𑄣

</td>

<td>𑄖𑄳𑄤

</td>

<td>𑄖𑄳𑄚

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td>𑄗𑄳𑄠

</td>

<td>𑄗𑄳𑄢

</td>

<td>𑄗𑄳𑄣

</td>

<td>𑄗𑄳𑄤

</td>

<td>𑄗𑄳𑄚

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td>𑄘𑄳𑄠

</td>

<td>𑄘𑄳𑄢

</td>

<td>𑄘𑄳𑄣

</td>

<td>𑄘𑄳𑄤

</td>

<td>𑄘𑄳𑄚

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td>𑄙𑄳𑄠

</td>

<td>𑄙𑄳𑄢

</td>

<td>𑄙𑄳𑄣

</td>

<td>𑄙𑄳𑄤

</td>

<td>𑄙𑄳𑄚

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td>𑄚𑄳𑄠

</td>

<td>𑄚𑄳𑄢

</td>

<td>𑄚𑄳𑄣

</td>

<td>𑄚𑄳𑄤

</td>

<td>𑄚𑄳𑄚

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td>𑄛𑄳𑄠

</td>

<td>𑄛𑄳𑄢

</td>

<td>𑄛𑄳𑄣

</td>

<td>𑄛𑄳𑄤

</td>

<td>𑄛𑄳𑄚

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td>𑄜𑄳𑄠

</td>

<td>𑄜𑄳𑄢

</td>

<td>𑄜𑄳𑄣

</td>

<td>𑄜𑄳𑄤

</td>

<td>𑄜𑄳𑄚

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td>𑄝𑄳𑄠

</td>

<td>𑄝𑄳𑄢

</td>

<td>𑄝𑄳𑄣

</td>

<td>𑄝𑄳𑄤

</td>

<td>𑄝𑄳𑄚

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td>𑄞𑄳𑄠

</td>

<td>𑄞𑄳𑄢

</td>

<td>𑄞𑄳𑄣

</td>

<td>𑄞𑄳𑄤

</td>

<td>𑄞𑄳𑄚

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td>𑄟𑄳𑄠

</td>

<td>𑄟𑄳𑄢

</td>

<td>𑄟𑄳𑄣

</td>

<td>𑄟𑄳𑄤

</td>

<td>𑄟𑄳𑄚

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td>𑄠𑄳𑄠

</td>

<td>𑄠𑄳𑄢

</td>

<td>𑄠𑄳𑄣

</td>

<td>𑄠𑄳𑄤

</td>

<td>𑄠𑄳𑄚

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td>𑄡𑄳𑄠

</td>

<td>𑄡𑄳𑄢

</td>

<td>𑄡𑄳𑄣

</td>

<td>𑄡𑄳𑄤

</td>

<td>𑄡𑄳𑄚

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td>𑄢𑄳𑄠

</td>

<td>𑄢𑄳𑄢

</td>

<td>𑄢𑄳𑄣

</td>

<td>𑄢𑄳𑄤

</td>

<td>𑄢𑄳𑄚

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td>𑄤𑄳𑄠

</td>

<td>𑄤𑄳𑄢

</td>

<td>𑄤𑄳𑄣

</td>

<td>𑄤𑄳𑄤

</td>

<td>𑄤𑄳𑄚

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td>𑄥𑄳𑄠

</td>

<td>𑄥𑄳𑄢

</td>

<td>𑄥𑄳𑄣

</td>

<td>𑄥𑄳𑄤

</td>

<td>𑄥𑄳𑄚

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td>𑄦𑄳𑄠

</td>

<td>𑄦𑄳𑄢

</td>

<td>𑄦𑄳𑄣

</td>

<td>𑄦𑄳𑄤

</td>

<td>𑄦𑄳𑄚

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>While some writers would indeed write <span title="Chakma-language romanization"><i lang="ccp-Latn">kakna</i></span> (in ligating style) as 𑄇𑄇𑄳𑄚 or (in subjoining style) as 𑄇𑄇𑄳𑄚, most now would probably expect it to be written as 𑄇𑄇𑄴𑄚. The ligating style of glyphs is now considered old-fashioned. Thus, taking the letter 𑄟 mā as the second element, while the glyph shapes 𑄇𑄳𑄟 kmā, 𑄖𑄳𑄟 tmā, 𑄚𑄳𑄟 nmā, 𑄝𑄳𑄝 bbā, 𑄟𑄳𑄟 mmā, 𑄣𑄳𑄣 llā, 𑄥𑄳𑄟 smā, and 𑄦𑄳𑄟 hmā are attested, most users now prefer the glyph shapes 𑄇𑄳𑄟 kmā, 𑄖𑄳𑄟 tmā, 𑄚𑄳𑄟 nmā, 𑄝𑄳𑄝 bbā, 𑄟𑄳𑄟 mmā, 𑄣𑄳𑄣 llā, 𑄥𑄳𑄟 smā, and 𑄦𑄳𑄟 hmā. Again, this distinction is stylistic and not orthographic.

</p><p>The 2004 book <i>Phadagaṅ</i> shows examples of the five conjuncts above together alongside conjuncts formed with 𑄝 bā, 𑄟 mā, and 𑄦 hā. These are all formed by simple subjoining.

</p>

<th>Consonant

</th>

<p>- bā

</p>

</th>

<p>- mā

</p>

</th>

<th><b>𑄳</b>𑄦

<p>- hā

</p>

</th></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td>𑄇𑄳𑄝

</td>

<td>𑄇𑄳𑄟

</td>

<td>𑄇𑄳𑄦

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td>𑄈𑄳𑄝

</td>

<td>𑄈𑄳𑄟

</td>

<td>𑄈𑄳𑄦

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td>𑄉𑄳𑄝

</td>

<td>𑄉𑄳𑄟

</td>

<td>𑄉𑄳𑄦

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td>𑄊𑄳𑄝

</td>

<td>𑄊𑄳𑄟

</td>

<td>𑄊𑄳𑄦

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td>𑄋𑄳𑄝

</td>

<td>𑄋𑄳𑄟

</td>

<td>𑄋𑄳𑄦

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td>𑄌𑄳𑄝

</td>

<td>𑄌𑄳𑄟

</td>

<td>𑄌𑄳𑄦

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td>𑄍𑄳𑄝

</td>

<td>𑄍𑄳𑄟

</td>

<td>𑄍𑄳𑄦

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td>𑄎𑄳𑄝

</td>

<td>𑄎𑄳𑄟

</td>

<td>𑄎𑄳𑄦

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td>𑄏𑄳𑄝

</td>

<td>𑄏𑄳𑄟

</td>

<td>𑄏𑄳𑄦

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td>𑄐𑄳𑄝

</td>

<td>𑄐𑄳𑄟

</td>

<td>𑄐𑄳𑄦

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td>𑄑𑄳𑄝

</td>

<td>𑄑𑄳𑄟

</td>

<td>𑄑𑄳𑄦

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td>𑄒𑄳𑄝

</td>

<td>𑄒𑄳𑄟

</td>

<td>𑄒𑄳𑄦

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td>𑄓𑄳𑄝

</td>

<td>𑄓𑄳𑄟

</td>

<td>𑄓𑄳𑄦

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td>𑄔𑄳𑄝

</td>

<td>𑄔𑄳𑄟

</td>

<td>𑄔𑄳𑄦

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td>𑄕𑄳𑄝

</td>

<td>𑄕𑄳𑄟

</td>

<td>𑄕𑄳𑄦

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td>𑄖𑄳𑄝

</td>

<td>𑄖𑄳𑄟

</td>

<td>𑄖𑄳𑄦

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td>𑄗𑄳𑄝

</td>

<td>𑄗𑄳𑄟

</td>

<td>𑄗𑄳𑄦

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td>𑄘𑄳𑄝

</td>

<td>𑄘𑄳𑄟

</td>

<td>𑄘𑄳𑄦

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td>𑄙𑄳𑄝

</td>

<td>𑄙𑄳𑄟

</td>

<td>𑄙𑄳𑄦

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td>𑄚𑄳𑄝

</td>

<td>𑄚𑄳𑄟

</td>

<td>𑄚𑄳𑄦

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td>𑄛𑄳𑄝

</td>

<td>𑄛𑄳𑄟

</td>

<td>𑄛𑄳𑄦

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td>𑄜𑄳𑄝

</td>

<td>𑄜𑄳𑄟

</td>

<td>𑄜𑄳𑄦

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td>𑄝𑄳𑄝

</td>

<td>𑄝𑄳𑄟

</td>

<td>𑄝𑄳𑄦

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td>𑄞𑄳𑄝

</td>

<td>𑄞𑄳𑄟

</td>

<td>𑄞𑄳𑄦

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td>𑄟𑄳𑄝

</td>

<td>𑄟𑄳𑄟

</td>

<td>𑄟𑄳𑄦

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td>𑄠𑄳𑄝

</td>

<td>𑄠𑄳𑄟

</td>

<td>𑄠𑄳𑄦

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td>𑄡𑄳𑄝

</td>

<td>𑄡𑄳𑄟

</td>

<td>𑄡𑄳𑄦

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td>𑄢𑄳𑄝

</td>

<td>𑄢𑄳𑄟

</td>

<td>𑄢𑄳𑄦

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td>𑄤𑄳𑄝

</td>

<td>𑄤𑄳𑄟

</td>

<td>𑄤𑄳𑄦

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td>𑄥𑄳𑄝

</td>

<td>𑄥𑄳𑄟

</td>

<td>𑄥𑄳𑄦

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td>𑄦𑄳𑄝

</td>

<td>𑄦𑄳𑄟

</td>

<td>𑄦𑄳𑄦

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>In the 1982 book <i>Cāṅmār āg pudhi</i> a much wider range of conjunct pairs is shown, some of them with fairly complicated glyphs:

</p>

Note:

Spaces left blank do not have a combination

</caption>

<th><small>Consonant</small>

</th>

</p>

</th>

</p>

</th>

</p>

</th>

</p>

</th>

</p>

</th>

</p>

</th>

</p>

</th>

</p>

</th>

</p>

</th>

</p>

</th>

</p>

</th>

</p>

</th>

</p>

</th>

</p>

</th>

</p>

</th></tr>

<tr>

</th>

</td>

<td>

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</td>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Letter_names_and_punctuation">Letter names and punctuation</h2></div>

<p>Chakma letters have a descriptive name followed by a traditional Brahmic consonant. These are given in annotations to the character names. Alongside a single (𑅁) and double (𑅂) danda punctuation, Chakma has a unique question mark (𑅃), and a section sign, <i>Phulacihna</i>. There is some variation in the glyphs for the <i>Phulacihna (𑅀)</i>, some looking like flowers or leaves.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Numerals">Numerals</h2></div>

<p>The Chakma script contains its own set of numerals, although <a href="Bengali_numerals" title="Bengali numerals">Bengali numerals</a> are also used.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unicode">Unicode</h2></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Chakma_(Unicode_block)" title="Chakma (Unicode block)">Chakma (Unicode block)</a></div>

<p>Chakma script was added to the <a href="Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> Standard in January 2012 with the release of version 6.1.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The Unicode block for Chakma script is U+11100–U+1114F. Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points:

</p>

<td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"><b><a href="Chakma_(Unicode_block)" title="Chakma (Unicode block)">Chakma</a></b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">

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</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U11100_as_of_Unicode_version"><a href="#endnote_U11100_as_of_Unicode_version">[1]</a></sup><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U11100_grey"><a href="#endnote_U11100_grey">[2]</a></sup><br><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U11100.pdf">Official Unicode Consortium code chart</a> (PDF)

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<td style="width:20pt">F

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<td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1111x

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<td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1112x

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<td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1113x

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<td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1114x

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<td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small;text-align:left"><b>Notes</b>

<dl><dd>1.<span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U11100_as_of_Unicode_version"><b><a href="#ref_U11100_as_of_Unicode_version">^</a></b></span> As of Unicode version 16.0</dd>

<dd>2.<span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U11100_grey"><b><a href="#ref_U11100_grey">^</a></b></span> Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points</dd></dl>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Educational_Institutions">Educational Institutions</h2></div>

<p>The Chakma language is taught in numerous government and private schools across India (in Tripura, Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh) and Bangladesh. In 2004, the Government of Tripura's Directorate of Kokborok & Other Minority Languages officially introduced Chakma in primary schools using the Bengali script. Since 2013, it has been taught using the Chakma script. Currently, 87 schools offer Chakma language instruction.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFScheuren2019" class="citation web cs1">Scheuren, Zachary (22 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2019/19143-chakma-letter-vaa.pdf">"Proposal to encode CHAKMA LETTER VAA for Pali"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Unicode Consortium</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJoshiMcBride2019" class="citation book cs1">Joshi, R. Malatesha; McBride, Catherine, eds. (2019). <i>Handbook of Literacy in Akshara Orthography</i>. Literacy Studies. Vol. 17. p. 28. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-05977-4">10.1007/978-3-030-05977-4</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-030-05976-7</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Talukdar-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Talukdar_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Talukdar_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTalukdar2010" class="citation book cs1">Talukdar, S. P. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RGHfVGV5A5wC&q=chakma+script+burmese%2Cp214&pg=PA214"><i>Genesis of Indigenous Chakma Buddhists and Their Pulverization Worldwide</i></a>. Gyan Publishing House. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9788178357584</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-BraunsLöffler-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BraunsLöffler_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BraunsLöffler_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBraunsLöffler2013" class="citation book cs1">Brauns, Claus-Dieter; Löffler, Lorenz G. (11 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jWP0BwAAQBAJ&q=chakma+script+burmese&pg=PA28"><i>Mru: Hill People on the Border of Bangladesh</i></a>. Birkhäuser. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9783034856942</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-EversonHosken-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EversonHosken_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EversonHosken_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFEversonHosken2009" class="citation web cs1">Everson, Michael; Hosken, Martin (28 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unicode.org/L2/L2009/09187r-n3645r-chakma.pdf">"Proposal for encoding the Chakma script in the UCS"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U11100.pdf">"Chakma block chart"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Unicode Consortium.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBrandt2014" class="citation book cs1">Brandt, Carmen (2014). "Script as a potential demarcator and stabilizer of languages in South Asia". In Cardoso, Hugo C. (ed.). <i>Language Endangerment and Preservation in South Asia</i>. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. p. 86. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10125%2F4602">10125/4602</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780985621148</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120202014742/http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode6.1.0/">"Unicode 6.1.0"</a>. <i>The Unicode Consortium</i>. 31 January 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode6.1.0/">the original</a> on 2 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kokborokoml.tripura.gov.in/chakma">"Chakma Language"</a>. The Directorate of Kokborok & Other Minority Languages. <i>Government of Tripura, India</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uni.hilledu.com">RibengUni (First Chakma Unicode Font)</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hilledu.com">Chakma Script</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200115054019/https://hilledu.com/">Archived</a> 2020-01-15 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hillbd.com">Chakma Bangla Blog</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://languagetools-153419.appspot.com/ccp/">Chakma Prototype Keyboard</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://languagetools-153419.appspot.com/ccp/convertUI/">Chakma Unicode Converter</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://languagetools-153419.appspot.com/ccp/downloads/">Available Chakma Unicode Fonts</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160122103909/https://github.com/zenideas/chakma-keylayout-osx">Chakma Keyboard Layout for Mac OSX</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111209003042/http://dictionary.chakma.info/">Chakma Open Dictionary</a></li>

<li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/chakma.htm">"Chakma alphabet, pronunciation and language"</a>. <i>Omniglot</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Tribal_Languages">"Tribal Languages - Banglapedia"</a>. <i>Banglapedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite></li></ul>

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<ul><li><a href="History_of_writing" title="History of writing">History of writing</a></li>

<li><a href="Grapheme" title="Grapheme">Grapheme</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Writing systems</a>

<ul><li><a href="Undeciphered_writing_systems" title="Undeciphered writing systems">undeciphered</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_creators_of_writing_systems" title="List of creators of writing systems">inventors</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_constructed_scripts" title="List of constructed scripts">constructed</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Languages by writing system / <a href="List_of_languages_by_first_written_accounts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of languages by first written accounts">by first written accounts</a></li></ul>

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<ul><li><i><a href="Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Numerals</a></i></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Hatran_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatran alphabet">Hatran</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Elifba_alphabet" title="Elifba alphabet">Elifba</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a></li>

<li><a href="Elymaic" title="Elymaic">Elymaic</a></li>

<li><a href="Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ktav_Ashuri" title="Ktav Ashuri">Ashuri</a></li>

<li><a href="Cursive_Hebrew" title="Cursive Hebrew">Cursive</a></li>

<li><a href="Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi</a></li>

<li><a href="Solitreo" title="Solitreo">Solitreo</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li>

<li><a href="Mandaic_alphabet" title="Mandaic alphabet">Mandaic</a></li>

<li><a href="Manichaean_script" title="Manichaean script">Manichaean</a></li>

<li><a href="Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean</a></li>

<li><a href="Ancient_North_Arabian" title="Ancient North Arabian">Ancient North Arabian</a></li>

<li><a href="Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Pahlavi</a>

<li><a href="Inscriptional_Pahlavi" title="Inscriptional Pahlavi">Inscriptional</a></li>

<li><a href="Inscriptional_Parthian" title="Inscriptional Parthian">Inscriptional Parthian</a></li>

<li><a href="Psalter_Pahlavi" title="Psalter Pahlavi">Psalter</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon</a></li>

<li><a href="Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a>

<ul><li><a href="Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Pitman_shorthand" title="Pitman shorthand">Pitman shorthand</a></li>

<li><a href="Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script">Proto-Sinaitic</a></li>

<li><a href="Punic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Punic alphabet">Punic</a></li>

<li><a href="Samaritan_script" title="Samaritan script">Samaritan</a></li>

<li><a href="Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">South Arabian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Zabur_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Zabur</a></li>

<li><a href="Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Musnad" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Musnad</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Sogdian</a></li>

<li><a href="Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a>

<ul><li><a href="Syriac_alphabet#Classical_ʾEsṭrangēlā" title="Syriac alphabet">ʾEsṭrangēlā</a></li>

<li><a href="Syriac_alphabet#West_Syriac_Serṭā" title="Syriac alphabet">Serṭā</a></li>

<li><a href="Syriac_alphabet#East_Syriac_Maḏnḥāyā" title="Syriac alphabet">Maḏnḥāyā</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Teeline_Shorthand" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeline Shorthand">Teeline Shorthand</a></li>

<li><a href="Ugaritic_alphabet" title="Ugaritic alphabet">Ugaritic</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abugidas0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugidas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali–Assamese</a></li>

<li><a href="Bhaiksuki_script" title="Bhaiksuki script">Bhaiksuki</a></li>

<li><a href="Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a></li>

<li><a href="Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li>

<li><a href="Dogri_script" title="Dogri script">Dogri</a></li>

<li><a href="Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li>

<li><a href="Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta</a></li>

<li><a href="Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li>

<li><a href="Kaithi" title="Kaithi">Kaithi</a></li>

<li><a href="Kalinga_script" title="Kalinga script">Kalinga</a></li>

<li><a href="Khema_script" title="Khema script">Khema</a></li>

<li><a href="Khojki_script" title="Khojki script">Khojki</a></li>

<li><a href="Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudabadi</a></li>

<li><a href="La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81_scripts" title="Laṇḍā scripts">Laṇḍā</a></li>

<li><a href="Lepcha_script" title="Lepcha script">Lepcha</a></li>

<li><a href="Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a></li>

<li><a href="Marchen_script" title="Marchen script">Marchen</a></li>

<li><a href="Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meitei</a></li>

<li><a href="Multani_script" title="Multani script">Multani</a></li>

<li><a href="N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nagari</a></li>

<li><a href="Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a></li>

<li><a href="Newari_scripts" title="Newari scripts">Nepalese scripts</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bhujimol_script" title="Bhujimol script">Bhujimol</a></li>

<li>Golmol</li>

<li>Himmol</li>

<li>Kummol</li>

<li>Kvemmol</li>

<li>Pachumol</li>

<li><a href="Pracalit_script" title="Pracalit script">Pracalit</a></li>

<li><a href="Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana</a></li>

<li><a href="Tamyig_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamyig script">Tamyig</a></li>

<li><a href="Tirhuta_script" title="Tirhuta script">Tirhuta</a></li>

<li><a href="Limbu_script" title="Limbu script">Limbu</a></li>

<li><a href="Nepalese_scripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepalese scripts">Litumol</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Karani_script" title="Karani script">Karani</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="%CA%BCPhags-pa_script" title="ʼPhags-pa script">ʼPhags-pa</a></li>

<li><a href="Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a></li>

<li><a href="Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddhaṃ</a></li>

<li><a href="Soyombo_script" title="Soyombo script">Soyombo</a></li>

<li><a href="Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a></li>

<li><a href="Takri_script" title="Takri script">Takri</a></li>

<li><a href="Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>

<ul><li><a href="Uchen_script" title="Uchen script">Uchen</a></li>

<li><a href="Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian</a></li>

<li><a href="Zanabazar_square_script" title="Zanabazar square script">Zanabazar square</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a></li>

<li><a href="Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak</a></li>

<li><a href="Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a></li>

<li><a href="Bhattiprolu_script" title="Bhattiprolu script">Bhattiprolu</a></li>

<li><a href="Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid</a></li>

<li><a href="Fakkham_script" title="Fakkham script">Fakkham</a></li>

<li><a href="Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha</a></li>

<li><a href="Goykanadi" title="Goykanadi">Goykanadi</a></li>

<li><a href="Hanunoo_script" title="Hanunoo script">Hanunoo</a></li>

<li><a href="Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a></li>

<li><a href="Kadamba_script" title="Kadamba script">Kadamba</a></li>

<li><a href="Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a></li>

<li><a href="S'gaw_Karen_alphabet" title="S'gaw Karen alphabet">Karen</a></li>

<li><a href="Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a>

<li><a href="Kulitan" title="Kulitan">Kulitan</a></li>

<li><a href="Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Lanna</a></li>

<li><a href="Langdi" title="Langdi">Langdi</a></li>

<li><a href="Lontara_script" title="Lontara script">Lontara</a>

<ul><li><a href="Lontara_Bilang-bilang_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lontara Bilang-bilang script">Bilang-bilang</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Makasar_script" title="Makasar script">Makasar</a></li>

<li><a href="Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li>

<li><a href="Maldivian_writing_systems" title="Maldivian writing systems">Old Maldivian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a></li>

<li><a href="Eveyla_Akuru" class="mw-redirect" title="Eveyla Akuru">Eveyla Akuru</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Mon–Burmese</a></li>

<li><a href="Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a></li>

<li><a href="Saurashtra_script" title="Saurashtra script">Saurashtra</a></li>

<li><a href="Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala</a></li>

<li><a href="Sukhothai_script" title="Sukhothai script">Sukhothai</a></li>

<li><a href="Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese</a>

<ul><li><a href="Old_Sundanese_script" title="Old Sundanese script">Old Sundanese</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa</a></li>

<li><a href="Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li>

<li><a href="Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a></li>

<li><a href="Tanchangya_script" title="Tanchangya script">Tanchangya</a></li>

<li><a href="Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li>